Which side effects should be associated with metformin therapy?

Metformin therapy is commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects, and bloating is one of the most prevalent issues reported by patients. This occurs because metformin can affect intestinal motility and alter gut microbiota, leading to symptoms like bloating and gas. Such side effects are often dose-dependent and can be mitigated by starting with a lower dose and gradually increasing it.

While other side effects exist with metformin, bloating stands out due to its high occurrence relative to the others listed. Constipation can appear in some patients, but it is less frequently reported compared to bloating. Fatigue and long-term muscle pain are not commonly linked to metformin use; these symptoms suggest other concerns and would typically warrant further exploration of different causes. Understanding these specific side effects helps patients manage expectations and improves adherence to therapy.